<.>DP=2024$<.>

Karnaukh, B. .
    Evidentiary standards of the UN compensation commission: takeaways for Ukraine [Електронний ресурс] / B. Karnaukh, T. Khutor // Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2024. - Vol. 7, iss. 3. - P. [1-24]. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-7.3-a000307 . - Early Access / Ранній доступ: JUN 2024
   Перевод заглавия: Стандарти доказів комісії з компенсації ООН: висновки для України

УДК

347.5

РУБ DOI: 10.33327/AJEE-18-7.3-a000307

Аннотация: Background: According to international law, a state responsible for internationally wrongful acts is obliged to fully compensate for the damage caused by such acts (Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Art. 31). Accordingly, victims who suffered losses as a result of such actions are entitled to compensation. To implement these fundamental principles, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe established the Register of Damages Caused by the Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. It is just the first of three elements of the future compensation mechanism for Ukraine (the other two, yet to be created, are the compensation commission and the compensation fund). However, to get compensation, every victim of the war will have to prove his or her case before the future commission. In this regard, the evidentiary standards will become critical. To understand how future compensation mechanism for Ukraine could operate, it is useful to study the practice of similar institutions. The UN Compensation Commission deserves special attention, as it could provide valuable insights into how war-related damage must be proven to warrant compensation. Methods: The articles' primary purpose is to explore the approach adopted by the UN Compensation Commission with respect to evidentiary standards. To this end, the article will first outline the general framework of the Commission's work, its purpose and organisational structure. It is then necessary to describe the categories of claims reviewed by the Commission, since - as will be shown later - the Commission applied a diversified approach: different categories of claims were subject to different evidentiary standards with varying degrees of exactingness. This differentiation was necessitated by the prioritisation of claims and the use of an expedited procedure for reviewing first-priority claims. This main part of the study will focus on the Commission's documents that illustrate its approach to evidentiary standards. First, the three evidentiary standards applied by the Commission will be outlined and explained: proving the incident alone with no need to establish the extent of the damage; proving damage on the basis of a "reasonable minimum" of evidence appropriate in the circumstances; and proving damage on the basis of documentary and other evidence sufficient to establish the extent of the damage. The article will then analyse how these three standards were applied in practice to the selected categories of personal injury claims. Finally, the conclusions will consider what takeaways can be drawn from the Commission's case law for the Ukrainian case. Results and Conclusions: In times of armed conflict and occupation, gathering evidence of harm is notably challenging for victims due to various reasons. This fact calls for special consideration from international compensation mechanisms, which cannot adhere to the rigid formalities used in regular court proceedings. That is why the international law of evidence is adaptable and seeks to adjust to claimants' unique situations. This adaptability is exemplified by the relaxed and diversified standards of proof utilised by the UN Compensation Commission. Diversifying the standards of proof in the practice of the UN Compensation Commission consisted of applying three different approaches to different categories of claims. In addition, the burden placed on claimants was eased by presumptions developed in the Commission's case law.

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Sereda, O. .
    New steps of digitalisation of civil justice in Ukraine [Електронний ресурс] / O. Sereda, V. Mamnitskyi, P. Kornieva, I. Cherevatenko // Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2024. - Vol. 7 [не вказано у Web of Science], iss. 1. - P. 416-426. - References : p. 424-425. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-7.1-n000118
   Перевод заглавия: Нові кроки діджиталізації цивільного судочинства в Україні

УДК	347.91/.95

Аннотация: Background: The emergence of virtual space and digital technologies is a natural consequence of the scientific and technical progress of humankind. Currently, digital technologies are actively used in the field of law, particularly within the judiciary. Therefore, the development of e-courts is a response to modern challenges. This paper is devoted to the issue of the evolution of digitalisation in civil justice; specifically, it examines the development and regulatory regulation of the use of electronic courts (e-courts) in civil proceedings. It elucidates the peculiarities and difficulties of using the electronic court to combat bureaucracy in civil proceedings. Furthermore, the paper explores the key elements of e-justice and assesses the possibility of implementing electronic lawsuits in Ukraine's courts. It also delineates the peculiarities of employing electronic means of proof in civil proceedings. Moreover, the paper clarifi es the possibility of conducting court hearings online using platforms such as Meet and Zoom, drawing insights from the practices of other countries. Additionally, it compares the American Pacer system with the Ukrainian analogue, the "Electronic Court", as one of the ways to access case materials via the Internet. Lastly, the paper outlines the practice of the Supreme Court regarding the use of electronic subpoenas and the advantages of the electronic form. Methods: An analysis of judicial practice and positions of the Supreme Court regarding individual elements of e-justice and the legality of their application was carried out. Also, special attention was paid to the practice of other countries regarding their use of electronic courts and the possibility of similar proceedings in Ukraine. Results and Conclusions: Based on the analysis, the authors concluded regarding the further improvement of the electronic court system in civil proceedings. Conclusions highlighted the advantages of digitalisation in the civil justice system.

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H91

    Human Dignity, Judicial Reasoning, and the Law: Comparative Perspectives on a Key Constitutional Concept [Електронний ресурс] / Eds.: B. G. Scharffs, A. Pin, D. Vovk. - London : Routledge, 2024. - 290 p. -

УДК	340.12:177]:347.97/.99

Аннотация: This volume explores how national and international human rights courts interpret and apply human dignity. The book tracks the increasing deployment of the concept of human dignity within courts in recent decades. It identifies how human-dignity-based arguments have expanded to cover larger sets of cases: from the right to life or the right to integrity or anti-discrimination, the concept has surfaced in disputes about political and social rights and rule of law requirements, such as equality or legal certainty. The core message of the book is that judges understand, interpret, and apply human dignity differently. An inflation in the judicial recourse to human dignity can saturate the legal environment, depriving the concepts as well as human-rights-based narratives of salience, and threaten the predictability of court decisions. The book will appeal to philosophers of law, constitutional theorists and lawyers, legal comparativists, and international law specialists. While being dedicated specifically to human dignity jurisprudence, the book touches on many aspects of judiciary and as such will also be of interest to researchers studying legal reasoning, interpretation and application of the law and courts, as well as social philosophers, political scientists, and sociologists of law, politics, and religion. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Brett G. Scharffs, Andrea Pin, and Dmytro Vovk; individual chapters, the contributors.

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Kravtsov, S. .
    Online Dispute Resolution – From Origins to the Present [Електронний ресурс] / S. Kravtsov // Juridical Tribune - Review of Comparative and Internationa. - 2024. - Vol. 14, iss. 2. - P. 243-259. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.62768/TBJ/2024/14/2/05 . - ISSN 3008-637X
   Перевод заглавия: Вирішення суперечок онлайн – від витоків до сьогодення

УДК

347.91/.95(477)(094.4)

341.61

Аннотация: This article explores the historical evolution of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) against the backdrop of the internet’s inception and development. In the early years, the internet was largely restricted to government organizations, the military, and scientific institutions. Censorship was prevalent, limiting the emergence of disputes within this limited virtual environment. To overcome these constraints, private commercial online services like CompuServe and AOL emerged, offering content-rich platforms but with limited connectivity. This limitation inadvertently reduced the incidence of disputes. However, unrestricted access to online services led to cases of identity deception and abuse, exemplified by the infamous case of a virtual persona, ‘Joan’. The ‘Joan’ incident underscored the challenges of managing online interactions in the absence of regulatory mechanisms. It prompted the emergence of system administrators responsible for balancing content policies and First Amendment rights. The article also delves into the early legal landscape concerning online communication and the challenges of regulating content and expression. This historical analysis offers insights into the origins of ODR, highlighting the need for effective dispute resolution mechanisms in the evolving digital landscape. It sheds light on the internet’s journey from a closed network to a global platform, raising critical questions about identity, freedom of expression, and the role of administrators in online governance.
INTERNET HISTORY

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Malewski, H. .
    Geopolitical factors in the formation of a new school of criminalistics in the intermarium region of Europe [Електронний ресурс] / H. Malewski, S. Matulienė, V. E. Kurapka, J. Kasprzak, V. Shepitko // International Comparative Jurisprudence. - 2024. - Vol. 10, iss. 1. - P. 130-143. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.13165/j.icj.2024.06.009 . - ISSN 2351-6674
   Перевод заглавия: Геополітичні чинники формування нової школи криміналістики в межмор’йському регіоні Європи

УДК

343.98

Аннотация: The idea of an alliance between Central and Eastern Europe and parts of the Balkans, otherwise known as the Intermarium or the Three Seas Initiative, is not a new one, but it has been given new impetus in our time as this region has developed substantial common interests – not only in the political and economic spheres, but also in other areas. If we look at the idea of the Intermarium, or more specifically the Three Seas concept, we see that 12 European Union countries are formally involved (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia). Greece was admitted to the Alliance in Bucharest in September 2023, while Ukraine and Moldova became associate members. In April 2024, an Intermarium Summit took place in Vilnius where important resolutions were adopted, including on security. The division of criminalistics into four main traditional schools (Germanic, Romance, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern European) which emerged in the second stage of its development in the 20th century is well known. There are no purely national ‘schools of criminalistics’, since each country is in the process of analysing the positive experiences (scientific and applied) of other countries and adapting them to its own purposes. This scientific term is therefore significant first and foremost as a basis for scientific classification, but also reflects the geopolitical vectors of each country. In regard to the development of a specific science such as criminalistics in the context of public security, we need to consider the influence of various factors on this process. In each country, criminalistics, as both a science and an applied field, begins based on the paradigms of one of the main schools before being further saturated with national content. The latter process depends not only on the existing law and its doctrine, the functioning system of law enforcement institutions, and the economic and social conditions, but also on the history, culture, traditions, and geopolitics of the country. The aim of this article, written by authors from three Intermarium countries, is to show, on the basis of an analysis of the most important developments in the forensic sciences of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe in recentdecades, the prerequisites for the formation of a new school of criminalistics in the Intermarium countries. It also seeks to provide insights into the future directions of this process in the context of geopolitical changes.

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Reznik, O. M..
    The features of e-declaration as an effective tool to prevent corruptio [Електронний ресурс] / O. M. Reznik, V. Shendryk, O. Zapototska, E. Popovich. M. Pochtovyi // Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues. - 2019. - Vol. 22, spec. iss. 2. - P. [1-6] . - ISSN 1544-0036. - ISSN 1544-0044
   Перевод заглавия: Особливості електронного декларування як ефективного інструменту запобігання корупції

УДК

343.3

343.35:35.08

Аннотация: The article defines international legal documents, the provisions of which are aimed at regulating relations in the field of prevention and counteraction to corruption. On the example of European countries (in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain, Poland) the features of the system of declaration of incomes of civil servants are considered. The main provisions of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the Criminal Law Convention on Combating Corruption of the Council of Europe on measures to overcome and counteract corruption, including by introducing a system of compulsory declaration of incomes by civil servants are highlighted. The historical aspects of the formation and formation of anti-corruption legislation of Ukraine in accordance with European standards are analyzed, as well as the analysis of the norms of the current legislation of Ukraine, which regulates the peculiarities of electronic declaration. On the basis of the analysis of the norms of legislation on prevention of corruption, electronic declarations have been classified.

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Miroshnichenko, D. .
    Polyamide-Polylactide-Humic Substances Biocomposites Hybrid Modification Sustainable Development Technolog [Електронний ресурс] / D. Miroshnichenko, M. Cherkashyna, A. K. Sokolova, V. Lebedev, V. Purys, A. Kariev, S. Bogatyrenko, M. Miroshnychenko // Petroleum and Coal. - 2024. - Vol. 66, iss. 2. - P. 758-766. - [DOI відсутній] . - ISSN 1337-7027
   Перевод заглавия: Поліамід-полілактид-гумінові речовини Біокомпозити Гібридна модифікація Технологія сталого розвитку

УДК

349.6

Аннотация: In this article, new hybrid biocomposites based on polyamide, PLA and humic substances were developed and studied. The legal regulation peculiarities to ensuring environmental industrial enterprises’ safety through the development of biocomposites technologies in Ukraine are considered. It has been established that humic substances, which were obtained from brown coals by extraction method, are characterized by nanodispersion in the range of 52-380 nm. It was found that due to the presence of a large number of active functional groups on the surface of such nanoparticles of humic substances is a hybrid modification of polyamide-polylactide biocomposite by the mechanism of template synthesis, which is accompanied by an increase in the degree of crystallization and the formation of a more rigid polymer structure, which allows to obtain hybrid biopolymer nanocomposites with significant impact strength and breaking stress during bending. It was also found that the obtained hybrid biocomposites based on polyamide- polylactide matrix and humic substances can be used to produce membrane-covering materials for wounds, implants, medical devices and products for dermatological treatment.

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Sotnikov, O. M..
    Selection of the Binding Object on the Current Image Formed by the Technical Vision System Using Structural and Geometric Features [Електронний ресурс] / O. M. Sotnikov, V. A. Sivak, Y. V. Pavlov, S. V. Hashenko, T. I. Borysenko, D. O. Torianyk // Problems of the Regional Energetics. - 2024. - Iss. 3. - P. 92-103. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2024.3-63.08
   Перевод заглавия: Вибір об’єкта прив’язки на поточному зображенні, сформованому системою Technical Vision за структурними та геометричними ознаками

УДК	623.746-519:004.932.72

Аннотация: The purpose of the article is to substantiate the possibility of selecting objects in the image generated by the technical vision system of an unmanned aerial vehicle by using structural and geometric features. This goal is achieved based on the analysis of the distribution of fractal dimension, which characterizes the structural properties of images, taking into account the object content, and the size of the area of the selection object. The solution to the first problem is based on the formation of histograms of fractal dimension depending on the number of objects in the image and identifying the features by which the object is selected. The solution to the second problem is based on developing an approach to reducing the object content of images by making it noisy. The noise parameters at which signs of object selection appear in the histograms of the distribution of fractal dimensions are determined. The range of fractal dimension 2.807 ≤ D ≤ 3 defined. The solution to the third problem is based on specifying the selection object by its area. The most significant result is the identified values of fractal dimension ranges depending on the object content of the image, as well as experimentally established noise parameters to identify the necessary features in histograms of fractal dimensions. The significance of the work lies in solving the problem of selecting a reference object on images of heterogeneous object composition. This made it possible to reduce significantly the computational complexity of selecting objects in images.

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Sepulveda, J. G. M..
    The courage of cardinal Raul Silva Henriquez in the civil military dictatorship of Chile 1973-1980 [Електронний ресурс] = El coraje del cardenal Raul Silva Henriquez en la dictadura civil militar de Chile 1973-1980 / J. G. M. Sepulveda, O. G. Danilyan, A. V. Burgos // Revista Notas Historicas y Geograficas. - 2024. - Special Issue = Número Especial: A 50 años de la Dictadura Militar. - P. 234-257. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.58210/nhyg590 . - ISSN 0719-4404
   Перевод заглавия: Мужність кардинала Рауля Сільви Енрікеса під час цивільної військової диктатури Чилі 1973-1980 рр.

УДК	340.15(83)

Аннотация: The article analyzes the presence and action of Cardinal Raúl Silva Henríquez, highest authority of the Catholic Church in Chile, in the founding period of the Civil Military Dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet between 1973 and 1980. Analysis of the press, documents of the Archbishopric of Santiago, National Archive and secondary sources with the purpose of examining the voice of the Cardinal in the difficult years of the seventies. Consequently, the method is qualitative located from a hermeneutic paradigm with a documentary bibliographic design. The findings show an extraordinary repertoire of support and assistance practices of all kinds for people who are victims of violations of their human rights. These actions by different agents of the Catholic Church are unprecedented and resulted in a tense and difficult relationship between the authorities of the Civil Military Dictatorship of Chile and the Catholic Church, an institution that assumed a clear position against the regime: to be hope and voice. of the voiceless, denouncing injustice and systematic abuse of dignity and human rights.

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Khotynska-Nor, O. .
    The model of prosecutorial self-governance in Ukraine and the Baltic countries: a comparative aspect [Електронний ресурс] / O. Khotynska-Nor, S. Podkopaiev, H. Ponomarova, D. Lukianov // Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2024. - Vol. 7, iss. 2. - P. 393-409. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-7.2-a000201 . - Early Access: 1 Mar 2024. - ISSN 2663-0575. - ISSN 2663-0583
   Перевод заглавия: Модель прокурорського самоврядування в Україні та країнах Балтії: порівняльний аспект

УДК

340.5

343.163

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Kovalenko, I. .
    From a subject to an agent, from society to community in conditions of the market of identities, abilities and freedoms [Електронний ресурс] / I. Kovalenko, Y. Meliakova, E. Kalnytskyi, K. Nesterenko // Cogito. - 2023. - Vol. 15, iss. 4. - P. 30-59. - [DOI відсутній] . - ISSN 2068-6706
   Перевод заглавия: Від суб’єкта до агента, від суспільства до спільноти в умовах ринку ідентичностей, здібностей і свобод

УДК

1

340.12

1:316

314/316

316.32:004

Аннотация: The synergetics of open systems, refracted into the field of social relations, demonstrates new principles and forms of group behavior - corporatism, involvement, conventionalism, non-collective community, beingtogether. The dissipative nature of modern society overturns the institutional order in it and makes it necessary to get rid of ideological identity, along with this, the reason for the ideological and class struggle disappears. However, there are other problems associated with somatic identity, employment, consumerism and social precarity, which are sufficient causes for conflicts. To resolve actual social contradictions, an appeal is made to the concept of natural rights and the paradigm of performativity, which highlight physical body in the mode of its presence and natural desire. Thus, the panoptical neoliberal social space, traditionally referred to as society, today is a spontaneous alliance of single agents publicly manifesting their individual needs and the right to satisfy them.

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Khrystova, Y. .
    Experience of individual northern european countries in providing protection of justice (criminological aspect and criminal law aspect) [Електронний ресурс] / Y. Khrystova, O. Khrystov, M. Karpenko, V. Shendryk, S. Kasapohlu // Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran. - 2024. - Vol. 24, iss. 1. - P. 35-51. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v24i1.12491 . - ISSN 1412-6303. - ISSN 2549-001X
   Перевод заглавия: Досвід окремих країн Північної Європи щодо забезпечення захисту правосуддя (кримінологічний аспект та кримінально-правовий аспект)

УДК

343.9

347.997

Аннотация: The purpose of the article is to describes experience of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in providing criminological protection of justice. . This article is the qualitative research with a historical and comparative approach. Thus, as of 01 January, 2023, employees of the Court Security Service in Ukraine ensured public order and security in 590 appellate and local courts and bodies of the justice system, which is more than 80% of their total number , and as of 01 January 2024 security was ensured in 639 (87 %) objects of the justice system. To a large extent, this is related to introduction of restrictions in Ukraine provided for by martial law as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation.The results of the study concluded that the it has been established that today in some countries of Northern Europe, in contrast to Ukraine, permanent security checks for all visitors are implemented only in those courts where such checks are needed for security reasons, and implementation of such a criminological function is entrusted to security inspectors represented by police officers, court employees, as well as security companies. Based on the results of the research, promising directions for improving activities of the Court Security Service of Ukraine were determined, and expediency of strategic planning practice in the sphere of ensuring protection of justice in Ukraine was also emphasized.

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Vovk, D. .
    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Soviet Political Religion, and Soviet Law [Електронний ресурс] / D. Vovk // Review of Faith and International Affairs. - 2023. - Vol. 21, Iss. 4. - P. 79-86. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2272444. - [Scopus. Вказана інша організація] . - ISSN 1557-0274
   Перевод заглавия: Загальна декларація прав людини, радянська політична релігія та радянське право

УДК

342.7

94(477)“1921/1991”

Аннотация: This article discusses the Soviet contribution to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the interplay between the UDHR and Soviet legal system. The paper focuses on legal aspects of the Soviet Union’s lack of interest in the UDHR and argues that, due to the nature of the Soviet political regime, which can be defined as a political religion, Soviet law itself was fully incompatible with any meaningful idea of human rights. In order to demonstrate this incompatibility, the paper explores three aspects of Soviet law: Marxist-Leninist philosophy of law as the ideological premise of Soviet legal system; Soviet understanding of human rights; and Soviet theory of international law. The paper ends with a discussion of the role the UDHR played in Soviet and post-Soviet law.

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Korotiuk, O. .
    The category of violence in the theory of criminal law: the need for rethinking in legal doctrine and law enforcement [Електронний ресурс] = A categoria da violência na teoria do direito penal: a necessidade de repensar a doutrina jurídica e a aplicação da lei / O. Korotiuk, R. Bogdanov, Yu. Filchakova, A. Zaporozhets, P. Yesaulenko, V. Ablamska // Revista Juridica. - 2024. - Vol. 1, no. 77. - P. 823-834. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.26668/revistajur.2316-753X.v1i77.6867 . - ISSN 2316-753X
   Перевод заглавия: Категорія насильства в теорії кримінального права: необхідність переосмислення в правовій доктрині та правозастосуванні.

УДК

343.6

Аннотация: Violence has numerous biological, neurological, physiological, behavioral, social and economic consequences for victims. There are two ways of understanding the phenomenon of violence: on the one hand, a narrow, "minimalist concept" and, on the other hand, a broader, "comprehensive concept". In the theory of criminal law, the problems of unambiguous interpretation and legal assessment of violent crimes are most fully revealed by the example of a socially dangerous act under Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. At the same time, along with physical, economic, and psychological violence, some foreign researchers also identify other forms, including coercive violence, which involves the intentional subjection of a victim to violence committed by institutions or the state. Violence at the general social level of understanding has deep historical roots, reaching back to biblical legends. In the Ukrainian lands, the criminal law prohibition of certain forms of violence began to take shape in the collection of ancient law "Ruska Pravda" and in the texts of the Lithuanian statutes. On the ideological level of understanding violence in our time, the culture of restraint has given way to a hedonistic culture of consumerism, free from restrictions, so images of war, death and suffering are consumed by the population as a representation of everyday life. Non-violence is in constant motion, being passed down from generation to generation and embodying certain factors fundamental to the formation of personality. That is why a child's observation of inter-parental violence and parental abuse has an impact on the child's future acts of violence.

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Yaroshenko, O. M..
    Social protection strategies in relations between Ukraine and the European Union [Електронний ресурс] / O. M. Yaroshenko, O. I. Demenko, O. V. Moskalenko, A. M. Sliusar, N. M. Vapnyarchuk // Revista Brasileira de Alternative Dispute Resolution. - 2024. - Vol. 6, Iss. 11. - P. 211-232. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.52028/rbadr.v6.i11.ART13.UKR . - ISSN 2596-3201
   Перевод заглавия: Стратегії соціального захисту у відносинах між Україною та Європейським Союзом

УДК

349.22

364

341.171(4-6ЄС)

Аннотация: In today’s world, social protection is becoming an increasingly important topic that combines economic, political, and social aspects. Regardless of the level of development of a country, people are constantly looking for ways to ensure their well-being and protect themselves from negative influences. Social protection strategies are of particular importance in relations between Ukraine and the European Union. Ukraine, as a sovereign state, monitors the needs of its population and tries to adapt its social system to European standards. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to analyze the current state and prospects for the development of social protection strategies in Ukraine in the context of cooperation with the European Union to identify possible areas for improving the social sphere and ensuring a high level of social protection for the Ukrainian population. The study uses a variety of methods, including analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparative legal, dialectical, and others. Considering cooperation with the European Union helps to solve socioeconomic problems and ensure a high level of social protection.

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Yaroshenko, O. M.
    Social protection of the self-employed in the EU [Електронний ресурс] / O. M. Yaroshenko, A. P. Getman, O. Ye. Lutsenko, Leonid V. Mohilevskyi, A. O. Tkachuk // Sociologia e Ricerca Sociale. - 2024. - Iss. 133. - P. 148-166. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3280/SR2024-133008 . - ISSN 1121-1148
   Перевод заглавия: Соціальний захист самозайнятих осіб в ЄС

УДК

364

349.2

Аннотация: Introduction. Modern states implement social policy according to different models. However, in any case, the main goal of the social policy of a modern state is to ensure a high level of social protection of citizens. This goal is achieved through the social security system. Its main function is to guarantee social security (in terms of the established standard of living and living conditions) through activities aimed at reducing and compensating for the consequences of social risk (events that lead to loss or reduction of income).The concept of social security is widely used in European countries, which is reflected in a specific branch of law - social security law. Thus, social security is a system of institutionalized tangible and intangible benefits aimed at ensuring and meeting the basic needs of all members of a particular community. This system is based on the idea of social solidarity, where, unlike the liberal doctrine, the role of the state in establishing social security is not in doubt (International Labour Organisation, 1952). The state assumes the role of coordinator and "fills" such legal measures as social insurance, social security, and social assistance with meaningful elements (Yaroshenko et al., 2023).

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Zakomorna, K. O..
    Legal Guarantees of Physical Activity as Determinants of the Human Right to Health: The Ukrainian Experience in the European Integration Context [Електронний ресурс] / K. O. Zakomorna, O. Poproshaiev, O. Poproshaieva, V. Muntian, A. Prikhodko // Nordic Journal of Human Rights. - 2024. - P. [1-18]. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2024.2365536. - [Автор Закоморна К. О. не працює з 01.09.2022 р.] . - [Published online: 22 Jul 2024]. - ISSN 1891-8131
   Перевод заглавия: Правові гарантії фізичної активності як детермінанти права людини на здоров’я: український досвід у євроінтеграційному контекстіРУБ DOI: 10.1080/18918131.2024.2365536

Аннотация: The fact that physical activity (PA) is considered an important tool for promoting human health and a determinant of the right to health has contributed to the promotion of a separate human right to PA at the global level. This article compares the government policies and legal mechanisms for ensuring the right of citizens to health through PA in various EU member states and Ukraine. It has been established that in the absence of a single standard or conditions for implementing this right, the experiences of different European states are different in significant ways. According to our findings, the obstacles to ensuring the right of citizens to PA in Ukraine are due to (1) an inconsistent national development strategy, and adoption of unsystematic regulations without effective mechanisms for their practical implementation; (2) a lack of effective sectoral programs on PA for different social groups; (3) a low level of interest of the majority of citizens in PA as a means of promoting human health. The problem of realizing the rights of Ukrainian citizens has become much more acute due to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, starting in February 2022.

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Tsuvina, T. .
    Judicial independence de jure and de facto: lessons for Ukraine from the case law of the ECtHR [Електронний ресурс] / T. Tsuvina, A. Yu. Serhieieva // International Comparative Jurisprudence. - 2024. - Vol. 10, iss. 1. - P. 50-60. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.13165/j.icj.2024.06.004 . - ISSN 2351-6674
   Перевод заглавия: Незалежність судів de jure та de facto: уроки для України з практики ЄСПЛ

УДК

341.645:341.231.14](4)

342.56

347.962

Аннотация: The principle of judicial independence is a fundamental tenet of the rule of law and fair trial standards. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) identifies four criteria for evaluating judicial independence: (a) the manner of a judge’s appointment; (b) the duration of such an appointment; (c) safeguards against external influence; and (d) the appearance of independence. The ECtHR also distinguishes several dimensions of judicial independence, including independence vis-à-vis the executive, parliament, other courts, and parties, as well as independence from judicial councils. Nevertheless, despite the existence of shared European principles on judicial independence, certain countries, particularly those undergoing transitions, encounter challenges such as political interference, corruption, and insufficient safeguards against dismissal. This results in a discernible disjunction between de jure and de facto judicial independence. This article poses the following research questions: What are the main approaches and common challenges for judicial independence in European countries based on the latest case law of the ECtHR? What lessons can be learned by Ukraine, as an EU candidate, from this case law in order to mitigate the gap between de jure and de facto judicial independence?

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Lapkin, A. .
    State and Personal Responsibility: War Crimes, Crimes of Aggression and Genocide in Ukraine [Електронний ресурс] / A. Lapkin // Connections. - 2023. - Vol. 22, no. 2. - P. 25-42. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.22.2.35
   Перевод заглавия: Державна та особиста відповідальність: військові злочини, злочини агресії та геноцид в Україні

УДК	355.012+341.485](477)

Аннотация: This article examines international crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine since February 24, 2022. Ukraine faces explicit acts of aggression, with a multitude of war crimes-including murder, sexual violence, and deliberate attacks on civilian property and infrastructure-being perpetrated within its borders. Additionally, there are indications of genocidal intent. Urgent attention is required to investigate the violations of international humanitarian law. Further, the article identifies the main causes of war crimes committed by the military: military errors or failures, the use of civilians as “human shields,” insufficient discipline, inadequate inculcation of legal norms related to international humanitarian law and Just War Theory within military ranks, and the use of targeted terror aimed at crushing the enemy’s will to resist. The author examines the interrelation of war crimes and information warfare in light of the importance of discerning truth amidst a sea of disinformation and cover-up. Finally, he explores national and international mechanisms for bringing perpetrators of crimes to justice, as well as seeking compensation for the damage they caused.

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Soloviova, O. .
    Legislation and practice of observing of human rights in Turkey in terms of European integration processes in the country [Електронний ресурс] / O. Soloviova, V. Somina, O. Gavryliuk, M. Kovtun, V. Kovtun // Intersections East European Journal of Society and Politics. - 2024. - Vol. 10, iss. 1. - P. 155-170. - DOI: https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v10i1.1228 . - ISSN 2416-089X
   Перевод заглавия: Законодавство та практика дотримання прав людини в Туреччині в умовах євроінтеграційних процесів у країні

УДК

342.7

341.231.14

341.215.4

РУБ DOI: 10.17356/ieejsp.v10i1.1228

Аннотация: The relevance of the stated topic is determined by the constant decline in the level of democracy in the Republic of Turkey over the past few years, which is characterised by the decline in the development of the fundamental rights and freedoms of its citizens. Arbitrariness in the judicial system, international law violations, antidemocratic legislation is the chosen course for deeper European integration and has every chance to remain an exclusively imaginary strategy without its external embodiment. In this regard, this work is aimed at analysing Turkish legislation in the area of human rights and determining its compliance with the principle of the rule of law. Also, the study is focused on covering the essence of the effective democratic governance, controversial political and legal decisions of the Turkish government, as well as Turkey’s political problems in its relations with the European Union.

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