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Gutorova, N. .
    Improper healthcare marketing: German and Ukrainian experience in prevention [Текст] / N. Gutorova, O. Soloviov, D. Olejnik // Wiadomosci lekarskie. - 2019. - Vol. 72, Issue: 12 cz 2. - P. 2404-2409
   Перевод заглавия: Неправильный маркетинг в сфере здравоохранения: немецкий и украинский опыт профилактики

УДК	343.35:35.08

ББК Х628.38
РУБ DOI: 10.36740/WLek201912202

Аннотация: OBJECTIVE: Introduction: Improper healthcare marketing is a part of institutional corruption in the pharmaceutical markets, which causes significant harm to public health. Legal measures are an importent component of the mechanism for preventing this phenomenon. The aim: The purpose of the article is to raise awareness and stimulate serious discussion about the necessity to improve the preventative role of law in the field of healthcare marketing by adjusting liability for offenses in this area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: This study is based on the analysis of international law, medical and criminal legislation, juridical practice, criminal and medical law legal doctrine, physicians survey results and expert interviews. Dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and system analyses research methods were used, also for interpretation purposes. RESULTS: Results: The study showed the effectiveness of the US fight against improper healthcare marketing by applying millions and billions of fines to the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, which led to a reduction in corruption in this sphere. Legal restrictions on the activities of medical sales representatives of pharmaceutical companies are justified by the Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, as well as in the German legislation (Medicinal Products Act). An analysis of Articles 299a and 299b of the German Criminal Code (StGB), as well as the practice of their application, showed their effectiveness. Still, there are problems in delimiting these offenses from the legal provision of drug information. The lack of anti-corruption regulation of drug promotion in Ukraine negatively affects the situation in this area. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The legal mechanism for the prevention of improper healthcare marketing at the national level should include the following measures: a) strict legal regulation of the rules for the promotion of medicines; b) anti-corruption restrictions on the activities of medical sales representatives of pharmaceutical companies; b) the criminal liability of pharmaceutical companies for corruption in the implementation of healthcare marketing; c) the criminal liability of representatives of pharmaceutical companies and Healthcare professionals (HCPs) for active and passive briberies; d) legal support for professional self-regulation aimed at creating ethical standards of conduct in the pharmaceutical markets.

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Verbivska, L. .
    The Development of E-commerce in the Context of the Digitalization of the Economy [Текст] / L. Verbivska, N. Sarai, M. Ivashchenko, N. Havrylenko, O. Kuznietsova // Review of Economics and Finance. - 2023. - Vol. 21. - P. 577-583. - References : p. 582-583
   Перевод заглавия: Розвиток електронної комерції в контексті цифровізації економіки

УДК

339:004.738.5

004.738.5:339

РУБ DOI: 10.55365/1923.x2023.21.59

Аннотация: The development of e-commerce is an integral part of the modern market for goods and services, and against the background of the digitalization of companies, the introduction of sales of goods and promotion of ser-vices through online channels creates additional conditions for the development of new markets and strengthening its position in existing ones. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the promotion of products and services through the Inter-net became an opportunity to maintain an audience and ensure stable sales even in the face of a lockdown. Accord-ing to many scholars, partly due to e-commerce, markets were able to recover from the quarantine restrictions fairly quickly. Given the importance of the problem in question, the purpose of this article is to define the role of e-commerce in the process of digitalization of business based on the analysis of its development trends. The study is built in the context of consideration of the peculiarities of e-commerce organization for both the B2B and B2C seg-ments, focusing on determining the differences between these two types and the specifics of the use of e-commerce for each of these areas. The study also realized an analysis of statistical material which proves the extreme im-portance and steady growth of sales of goods and services with the use of electronic commerce. In addition, it is found that the main players in the market of digital sales of goods and services are China and the United States, as these are the countries where powerful sales platforms are registered and operate, viz: AliExpress and Amazon. As a result of the systematization of scientists' views on the prospects of e-commerce development, promising directions were formed and trends of development of this sphere in Ukraine in the period of post-war recovery were outlined, the advantages received by manufacturers and trade intermediaries in case of using e-commerce were concretized.

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