Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого ⚖ Головна ⓘ Довiдка
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1.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Razmetaeva, Yulia, Razmetaev, Sergiy
Заглавие : Justice in the digital age: technological solutions, hidden threats and enticing opportunities
Место публикации : Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2021. - Vol. 4, Iss. 2. - P.104-117. - У WoS не зазначено: Vol. 4.
УДК : 340.1:004
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): algorithmic justice--digital age--discrimination--hidden threats--human rights--justice--rule of law--права людини--верховенство права--цифрові технології--цифровізація права--цифрова епоха--права человека--цифровые технологии--цифровая эпоха--цифровизация права
Аннотация: This article focuses on and weighs the main benefits and risks of introducing and deploying technological instruments for justice, as well as their potential effect on fairness. The replacement with and complementary use of technological solutions in light of their application in the judicial system in the digital age are considered. The explicit and implicit risks that arise from the introduction and deployment of technology instruments are analysed. Taking an axiological approach that assumes the a priori value of human rights, justice, and the rule of law, we evaluate the main dangers that the use of technological solutions in the justice system entails. With the help of formal legal and comparative legal methods, as well as the analysis of scientific literature and contextual analysis of open sources on the capabilities of artificial intelligence and the bias of algorithms, the article fills in the gaps regarding the potential of technology to improve access to justice and the use of algorithms in decision-making. It is noted that some technological solutions, as well as the usual behaviour of all actors in the digital era, change the nature of interactions, including those in the justice system. The question of the possibility of algorithmic justice is considered from the standpoint of fairness and non-discrimination. The article shows how the use of algorithms can improve procedural fairness but emphasises a careful and balanced approach to other elements of fairness.
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2.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания : Х627/Y29
Автор(ы) : Yaroshenko, Oleg, Sliusar A. M., Sereda, Olena, Zakrynytska V. O.
Заглавие : Legal relation: The issues of delineation (on the basis of the civil law of Ukraine)
Место публикации : Asia Life Sciences. - 2019. - Iss. 2. - p.719-734
ББК : Х627 + Х623
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): civil law contract--civil legal relations--decisional law--employment contract--labor legal relations--legal relations--гражданско-правовой договор--гражданско-правовые отношения--законодательное решение--договор подряда--трудовые правоотношения--правовые отношения--цивільно-правовий договір--цивільно-правові відносини--правові відносини--договір підряду--законодавче рішення
Аннотация: Civil relations are one of the fundamental topics of the civil law being the subject of the research attention of civil law scientists for many decades, both in Ukraine and abroad. Modern tendencies of social and economic transformations of the society, shifts in value and globalization challenges made topical the issue of delineation of civil and labor legal relations arguing the necessity in comparative analysis of their essence and content, definition of further perspective of interaction of civil and labor law branches. In the process of the study, the essence and content of civil relation have been revealed; the problem of replacement of labor relations with civil law, as well as the established judicial practice in this area on the territory of Ukraine has been analysed; risks and perspective of delineation of civil and labor relations have been determined; generalized author principles to delineate relations under the investigation have been proposed; the necessity to use the conceptual and categorical framework of a specific law branch regulating certain legal relations as a guarantee of a business entity against the claims of the controlling authorities has been substantiated.
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3.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания : Х623/B78
Автор(ы) : Borysova, Valentyna I., Karnaukh, Bohdan Peterovich
Заглавие : Standard of proof in common law: Mathematical explication and probative value of statistical data
Параллельн. заглавия :Стандарт доказування в загальному праві: математичне обґрунтування і доказове значення статистичних даних
Место публикации : Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - p.171-180
ББК : Х623
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): balance of probabilities--bayesian decision theory--байесська теорія рішення--beyond reasonable doubt--naked statistics--standard of proof--баланс можливості--поза розумною сумнівкою--оголена статистика--стандарт доказывания--баланс возможности--байесськая теория решения--вне разумніх сомнений
Аннотация: As a result of recent amendments to the procedural legislation of Ukraine, one may observe a tendency in judicial practice to differentiate the standards of proof depending on the type of litigation. Thus, in commercial litigation the so-called standard of “probability of evidence” applies, while in criminal proceedings – “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard applies. The purpose of this study was to find the rational justification for the differentiation of the standards of proof applied in civil (commercial) and criminal cases and to explain how the same fact is considered proven for the purposes of civil lawsuit and not proven for the purposes of criminal charge. The study is based on the methodology of Bayesian decision theory. The paper demonstrated how the principles of Bayesian decision theory can be applied to judicial fact-finding. According to Bayesian theory, the standard of proof applied depends on the ratio of the false positive error disutility to false negative error disutility. Since both types of error have the same disutility in a civil litigation, the threshold value of conviction is 50+ percent. In a criminal case, on the other hand, the disutility of false positive error considerably exceeds the disutility of the false negative one, and therefore the threshold value of conviction shall be much higher, amounting to 90 percent. Bayesian decision theory is premised on probabilistic assessments. And since the concept of probability has many meanings, the results of the application of Bayesian theory to judicial fact-finding can be interpreted in a variety of ways. When dealing with statistical evidence, it is crucial to distinguish between subjective and objective probability. Statistics indicate objective probability, while the standard of proof refers to subjective probability. Yet, in some cases, especially when statistical data is the only available evidence, the subjective probability may be roughly equivalent to the objective probability. In such cases, statistics cannot be ignored.
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4.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Karnaukh, Bohdan
Заглавие : Standards of proof: a comparative overview from the ukrainian perspective
Место публикации : Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2021. - Vol. 4, Iss. 2. - P.25-43. - У WoS не зазначено: Vol. 4.
УДК : 347.94
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): standard of proof--стандарт доказательства--стандарт доказу--intime conviction--интимное убеждение--інтимне переконання--proof beyond reasonable doubt--доказательство за разумными сомнениями--доказ за розумним сумнівом--preponderance of the evidence--предупреждение доказательств--попередження доказів--balance of probability--баланс вероятности--баланс імовірності--bayesian decision theory--байесовская теория принятия решений--баєсова теорія рішення
Аннотация: The article addresses the issue of standards of proof from a comparative perspective. The author sketches the conventional distinction between common law and civil law countries in this regard, as well as some approaches that query the validity of the rigid division. The main purpose of the article is to characterise the Ukrainian approach to the standards of proof against the background of comparative analysis. The author concludes that recent developments in Ukrainian law have paved the way for a distinction between criminal and civil standards of proof However, the doctrine is not yet elaborate enough to warrant a coherent application of the two different standards.
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5.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Komarov, Vyatcheslav, Tsuvina, Tetiana
Заглавие : The impact of the ECHR and the case law of the ECTHR on civil procedure in Ukraine
Место публикации : Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2021. - Vol. 4, Iss. 1. - P.79-101. - У WoS не зазначено: Vol. 4
УДК : 347.91/.95(477)(094.4)
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms--конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод--конвенція про захист прав людини та основних свобод--european court of human rights--європейський суд з прав людини--европейский суд по правам человека--right to a fair trial--право на справедливое судебное разбирательство--право на справедливий суд--правило мирян--pilot judgment--пілотне рішення--пилотное решение--review of the case in exceptional circumstances--рассмотрение дела в исключительных обстоятельствах--перегляд справи за виняткових обставин--ukraine--украина--україна
Аннотация: The article addresses the impact of the ECHR and the case law of the ECtHR on civil procedure in Ukraine. In the context of the provisions of. national legislation and judicial practice, the authors analyse the areas of the harmonization of national legislation with the requirements of the ECHR and the practice of the ECtHR in light of the 2016 constitutional reform of justice and the new edition of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine. Special attention is paid to the embodiment of the rule of law principle during a trial inn civil cases and the implementation of international standards of the right to a fair trial (para. I Art. 6 of the ECHR). From the point of view of institutional interaction between the ECtHR and national courts, the procedures of pilot judgments, the review of the case in exceptional circumstances was analysed.
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6.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Kravtsov, Serhii, Surzhenko, Olga, Golubeva, Nelli
Заглавие : The validity, effectiveness, and enforceability of an arbitration agreement: Issues and solutions
Место публикации : Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2021. - Vol. 4, Iss. 4. - P.116-130
УДК : 341.63
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): arbitration agreement--autonomy of arbitration agreement--international commercial arbitration--арбитражное соглашение--автономность арбитражного соглашения--международный коммерческий арбитраж--арбітражна угода--автономність арбітражної угоди--міжнародний комерційний арбітраж
Аннотация: The main reason for dispute in international commercial arbitration is the existence of an arbitration agreement concluded between the parties to a foreign trade agreement. The procedure of dispute resolution in international commercial arbitration will depend on the extent to which this arbitration agreement is concluded correctly in accordance with the norms of international and national law. Quite often, in the law enforcement activities of both national courts and arbitrations, there are questions about the validity, effectiveness, and enforceability of an arbitration agreement. In different countries, this issue is addressed ambiguously. In one case, national law takes precedence, and, accordingly, national courts are empowered to consider the validity, effectiveness, and enforceability of an arbitration agreement. In other cases, however, the autonomy of the arbitration agreement is a priority aspect of the consideration of any procedural issues by international commercial arbitration as the only and indisputable body authorised by the parties to the foreign trade agreement to consider a particular dispute. The article analyses doctrinal and legislative approaches to this issue, in which the authors come to the logical conclusion that national courts do not consider the validity, effectiveness, and enforceability of an arbitration agreement.
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7.

Вид документа : Статья из журнала
Шифр издания :
Автор(ы) : Malinovska, Iryna, Yarkina, Natalya, Filiuk, Oleksandra
Заглавие : “Public Order” as Grounds for Refusal in the Recognition and Enforcement of a Decision in International Commercial Arbitration: Ukrainian Realities and International Experience
Разночтения заглавия :: Public Order as Grounds for Refusal in the Recognition and Enforcement of a Decision in International Commercial; Загл. из Scopus: "PUBLIC ORDER" AS GROUNDS FOR REFUSAL IN THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF A DECISION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION: UKRAINIAN REALITIES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE; Загл. из Web of Science: "Public order" as grounds for refusal in the recognition and enforcement of a decision in international commercial arbitration: ukrainian realities and international experience
Место публикации : Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. - 2022. - Vol. 5 [не зазначено у Web of Science], Iss. 1 (13). - P.154-164
УДК : 341.63
Ключевые слова (''Своб.индексиров.''): public order--громадський порядок--общественный порядок--international commercial arbitration--международный коммерческий арбитраж--міжнародний комерційний арбітраж--recognition and enforcement of foreign decision--визнання та виконання іноземного рішення--признание и исполнение иностранного решения
Аннотация: The question of recognition and enforcement of international commercial arbitration (ICA) decisions, as a prototype of a foreign court decision, finds radically opposite answers in different legal systems and in the doctrine of the ICA. Thus, in the Regulation of the Council (EU) 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on the jurisdiction, recognition, and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, formerly the Brussels Convention of 1968 and the Lugano Convention of 1988, the notion of 'arbitration' was excluded from the sphere of execution and recognition of foreign court decisions. Methods: Nevertheless, the procedure for recognising and enforcing an ICA award has a unified approach in many countries around the world. Thus, national courts, when deciding on the recognition and enforcement of an ICA award, are increasingly faced with such problematic issues as the grounds for refusing to recognise and enforce such an award. This article reveals that these grounds for refusing to recognise and enforce the award of the ICA are a violation of public order of the country where the arbitral award is subject to recognition and enforcement. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between 'substantive' and 'procedural' public order and the practical approaches of national courts in some countries to this issue. Results and Conclusions: The authors state that the way to overcome this inconsistency is still a unified approach to understanding 'public order' in all member states of the New York Convention of 1958 and clearer international regulation of this issue.
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