Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого ⚖ Головна ⓘ Довiдка
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1.
Karpachova, N. I..
    Modern challenges to international security and protection of human rights (international and ukrainian context) [Текст] = Сучасні виклики міжнародній безпеці та захисту прав людини (міжнародний та український контекст) / N. I. Karpachova // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - P. 25-33
УДК
РУБ DOI:10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.25-33

Аннотация: At the moment, two mechanisms for protecting human rights can be distinguished in Ukraine: an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights at the international level and an appeal to the Commissioner for Human Rights at the national level. Therewith, the activity of the ombudsman constitutes the state’s performance of its obligations at the international level to ensure the national mechanism for the protection of human rights. In Ukraine, the Ombudsman acts according to the model of the classic parliamentary Commissioner for Human Rights. In addition, along with the parliamentary Commissioner for Human Rights, which has a constitutional status, there are government commissioners (“quasi-ombudsmen”) in Ukraine, whose activities do not have a special status and can be terminated at the will of the government at any time. Considering the above, the purpose of this study lies in a comprehensive analysis of modern challenges to international security and the impact of these factors on the observance of human rights in Ukraine (using the methods of both international law and classical legal methodology), as well as studying the role of the ombudsman in this process. The analysis allowed to conclude that the causes of human rights violations lie not only in the country’s problems, but are also the consequences of global processes. A huge challenge to the rights and freedoms in Ukraine is the intensifying poverty of the population, which in itself is a violation of human rights and allows to exercise all other rights. Furthermore, the hostilities in the Donbas region led to gross, massive, and systematic violations of human rights: residents of the front-line territories were faced with two challenges at once – the danger that arises due to the impossibility of ensuring security in the immediate vicinity of the war zone and the increasing risks of poverty.

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2.
Zhuravel, V. A..
    Reliability evaluation of a forensic expert's opinion: World practices and ukrainian realities [Текст] = Оцінка достовірності висновку судового експерта: світові практики та українські реалії / V. A. Zhuravel, V. E. Konovalova, G. K. Avdeyeva // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - P. 252-261
УДК
РУБ DOI:10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.252-261

Аннотация: Improving the activities of pre-trial investigation and judicial review largely depends on the increased use of special knowledge in forensic investigative practice and, above all, the involvement of an expert and their analysis. The relevance of the subject matter is explained by the need to introduce new forms and approaches to evaluating the reliability of expert opinions, in particular with the involvement of independent specialists of the corresponding speciality. The purpose of this study was to provide arguments regarding the expediency of attracting knowledgeable persons as reviewers to evaluate the objectivity and completeness of forensic analysis, the correctness of the methods and techniques applied by the expert, and the validity of the opinion. To achieve this purpose, the following general scientific and special research methods were used: Aristotelian, comparative legal, functional, sociological, statistical, system and formal legal analysis, legal modelling, and forecasting. It was established that in the vast majority of countries of the world, except Ukraine, an independent, knowledgeable person with special knowledge in the corresponding field is involved to help evaluate the reliability of an expert opinion. It was proved that contacting knowledgeable persons to evaluate the objectivity, validity, completeness of expert research helps establish the causality between the identified features of the object of analysis and the fact that is subject to establishment, and also gives grounds for determining the affiliation, admissibility, reliability, and sufficiency of the expert opinion. At the same time, a specialist's review cannot serve as a source of evidence, but only has an auxiliary (advisory, technical) nature and can serve as a basis for appointing a second (additional) forensic analysis or a cross-examination of the expert and the reviewer. To exercise the rights of individuals to fair justice, it is proposed to introduce this procedure for evaluating the reliability of expert opinions in Ukraine, with the necessary changes in the current procedural legislation of Ukraine to provide an opportunity for participants in criminal proceedings and the victim to attract knowledgeable persons as reviewers of expert opinions.

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3.
Bukhanevych, O. M..
    Foreign experience in constitutional and legal regulation of restrictions on human rights in conditions of emergency and martial law [Текст] = Зарубіжний досвід конституційно-правового регулювання обмеження прав людини в умовах надзвичайного та воєнного станів / O. M. Bukhanevych, S. O. Kuznichenko, A. M. Mernyk // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - P. 55-65
УДК
РУБ DOI:10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.55-65

Аннотация: The study investigates the foreign experience of constitutional and legal regulation of restrictions on human rights in conditions of emergency and martial law in Macedonia, Armenia, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Albania, Azerbaijan, which is relevant in modern conditions, based on the presence of local military conflicts, emergencies, or the possibility of their existence in many countries of the world. The purpose of this study was to analyse the text and content of the constitutions of foreign countries to clarify and explain the grounds for restricting human and civil rights and freedoms in conditions of emergency and martial law. To achieve this purpose, the study employed a system of methods of scientific cognition, namely general scientific (analysis, synthesis), particular (comparative, quantitative and qualitative analysis, approximation), as well as special legal (formal legal, comparative legal) methods. The practical value of the study lies in the identification of four prevailing trends in the constitutions of foreign states to the procedure for determining the scope of restrictions on human rights under special regimes: 1) consolidation of an exhaustive list of rights and freedoms in the constitutions, which cannot be restricted during the period of emergency and martial law; 2) consolidation of an exhaustive list of rights and freedoms in the constitution, which can be restricted to protect human rights, the democratic structure of the state, public safety, the well-being of the population and morals; 3) combining the first two options for consolidating restrictions in the text of the constitutions; 4) consolidation of the possibility of limiting the rights and freedoms of the individual in the texts of constitutions by state authorities under special legal regimes in the interests of national security without specifying partiular rights and freedoms that may (or may not) be restricted.

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4.
Yaroshenko, O. M..
    The impact of COVID-19 on labour and social security relations: Rule-making experience of Belarus and Ukraine [Текст] = Вплив COVID-19 на трудові і соціально-забезпечувальні відносини: нормотворчий досвід Білорусі та України / O. M. Yaroshenko, K. L. Tomashevski // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - P. 211-221
УДК
РУБ DOI:10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.211-221

Аннотация: The article presents a brief analysis of the situation in Belarus and Ukraine with the spread of coronavirus COVID-19 and measures taken by employers to optimise labour and social security relations during 2020. A brief overview of the decisions taken by Presidents, Parliaments, Governments and Ministry of Healthcare of both countries aimed at containment of coronavirus infection is presented. The latest changes in the Labour Code of Belarus and Labour Code of Ukraine, which regulated remote work since 2020, were touched upon. Attention is paid to the concept of self-isolation under the legislation of Belarus and Ukraine, restrictive measures that must be observed when self-isolating citizens in connection with COVID-19 infection, as well as level 1st and 2nd contacts. The authors analyse the new legislative provisions governing home and remote work, introduced into the labour legislation in Belarus in 2020, in Ukraine in 2020 and 2021. The article presents the specific experience of Belarus, where the presidential decree extended the rights of employers to temporarily transfer employees without their consent, as well as to change essential working conditions, and without making changes to the Labour Code. The authors give an assessment of such legislative innovations. The article deals with some issues of social support for employees who find themselves in a situation of downtime due to the suspension of the activities of organisations that are idle, as well as self-isolation. At the end of the article, some suggestions and recommendations are made for further adaptation of labour and social security legislation in Belarus and Ukraine in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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5.
Petryshyn, O. V..
    The problem of non-implementation of judgements of the European court of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the rule of law (Methodological and comparanive aspects) [Text] = Проблема невиконання рішень Європейського суду з прав людини в Україні в контексті верховенства права (методологічний та порівняльний аспекти) / O. V. Petryshyn, O. O. Petryshyn, O. S. Hyliaka // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - p. 17-24
РУБ DOI 10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.17-24

Аннотация: The article is devoted to the problem of non-implementation of the decisions of the ECtHR in Ukraine in the context of the rule of law. The relevance of the subject matter is substantiated by the critical situation regarding Ukraine's compliance with its international obligations. The objective of the study is to develop a set of principles and policies to be implemented in Ukraine to strengthen the rule of law (as a fundamental democratic institute), as an essential factor for ensuring human rights in the context of re-establishing a proper international cooperation with the key European institution in the field of human rights. According to the analysis of the degree of coverage of the issue, the existing papers on the mentioned problem are rather described by point-by-point recommendations aimed at “damage control”, rather than at an in-depth resolution of the situation. The methodological basis of the research consists of the complex of general and special research methods, while philosophical methods were used to ensure the understanding of the essence, characteristics, and features of the phenomena under study. The research resulted in the development of a set of theses that demonstrate the depth of the problem under study that manifests through untimely and inconsistent normative-legal regulation, lack of tangible means of protection of human rights in Ukraine, inappropriate approach to the adoption and execution of international obligations. The authors argue in favour of the need to ensure three key aspects of the implementation of the rule of law – guaranteeing consistency of state policies and actions of officials; the formation of a stable system of administrative management; accountability, and responsibility of decision-makers. The practical relevance of the study is manifested through a set of recommendations, including the creation of a system to assess the effectiveness of reforms in terms of the rule of law; the formation of a mechanism for implementing the responsibility of decision-makers; the revision of procedures for the adoption of legal acts; the need to restart and complete the reform of the justice system, to involve NGOs in the processes of forming such; to create rules of cooperation between the state and the elites.

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6.
Hetman, Y. A..
    Implementation practice of electronic administrative services in Ukraine [Text] = Практика впровадження електронних адміністративних послуг в Україні / Y. A. Hetman, V. S. Politanskyі, I. V. Semenikhin // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - p. 93-104
ББК Х621.03
РУБ DOI 10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.93-104

Аннотация: One of the factors for the development of civil society in Ukraine is an effective, well-functioning institution for providing administrative electronic services. Despite the intensity and wide scope of research covering various aspects of providing electronic administrative services to the population, many issues in this area remain quite debatable, as well as understudied, which conditioned the relevance of the study. The study is aimed at studying the organisational and procedural aspects of providing electronic administrative services in Ukraine. Authors of this study clarified the significance of some fundamental concepts of this issue. The author's approach to defining the concept of electronic administrative services was formulated based on a personal interpretation of this concept from the standpoint of general theoretical analysis. Administrative mechanisms for implementing electronic public services were analysed. The study investigated the features of classification of electronic administrative services by types of electronic representation, by field of activity, by form of ownership, by consumers, by place of receipt from the standpoint of the client and from the standpoint of involvement in the electronic service. This study is the first to analyse the regulatory framework of Ukraine on the provision of electronic administrative services in stages and chronologically. Authors studied and compared the features of the procedure for rendering electronic administrative services using the Unified State Portal of Administrative Services, the iGov portal of state electronic services and the Ukrainian online service of public services – Diia. The study covered the procedure for the operation of administrative service centres in Ukraine. It was concluded that the first step of Ukraine towards creating its information society through the introduction of e-governance should be the establishment of a market for administrative and information electronic services.

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7.
Borysova, V. I..
    Standard of proof in common law: Mathematical explication and probative value of statistical data [Text] = Стандарт доказування в загальному праві: математичне обґрунтування і доказове значення статистичних даних / Borysova V. I., B. P. Karnaukh // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 2. - p. 171-180
ББК Х623
РУБ DOI 10.37635/jnalsu.28(2).2021.171-180

Аннотация: As a result of recent amendments to the procedural legislation of Ukraine, one may observe a tendency in judicial practice to differentiate the standards of proof depending on the type of litigation. Thus, in commercial litigation the so-called standard of “probability of evidence” applies, while in criminal proceedings – “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard applies. The purpose of this study was to find the rational justification for the differentiation of the standards of proof applied in civil (commercial) and criminal cases and to explain how the same fact is considered proven for the purposes of civil lawsuit and not proven for the purposes of criminal charge. The study is based on the methodology of Bayesian decision theory. The paper demonstrated how the principles of Bayesian decision theory can be applied to judicial fact-finding. According to Bayesian theory, the standard of proof applied depends on the ratio of the false positive error disutility to false negative error disutility. Since both types of error have the same disutility in a civil litigation, the threshold value of conviction is 50+ percent. In a criminal case, on the other hand, the disutility of false positive error considerably exceeds the disutility of the false negative one, and therefore the threshold value of conviction shall be much higher, amounting to 90 percent. Bayesian decision theory is premised on probabilistic assessments. And since the concept of probability has many meanings, the results of the application of Bayesian theory to judicial fact-finding can be interpreted in a variety of ways. When dealing with statistical evidence, it is crucial to distinguish between subjective and objective probability. Statistics indicate objective probability, while the standard of proof refers to subjective probability. Yet, in some cases, especially when statistical data is the only available evidence, the subjective probability may be roughly equivalent to the objective probability. In such cases, statistics cannot be ignored.

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8.
Hetman, Y. A..
    Global experience in implementing electronic administrative services [Текст] = Світовий досвід впровадження електронних адміністративних послуг / Y. A. Hetman, V. S. Politanskyi, K. O. Hetman // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 1. - P. 79-87
УДК
РУБ DOI: 10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.79-87

Аннотация: One of the factors for the development of civil society in democratically developed countries is an effective, well-functioning institution for providing administrative electronic services. Despite the intensity and wide scope of research covering various aspects of providing electronic administrative services to the population, many issues in this area remain quite debatable, as well as understudied, which conditioned the relevance of the study. The study is aimed at investigating the specific features of implementing electronic administrative services in the practice of countries with the most developed e-government mechanisms. In the study of the problem, a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition was used, in particular, the leading methods were: dialectical, comparative legal, analysis, synthesis, interpretation. The study analysed criteria for evaluating electronic administrative services in the leading countries of the European Union and the United States. The study examines the basic electronic administrative services for citizens in online mode provided in the countries of the European Commonwealth. The study examines the global experience of implementing electronic administrative services in such countries as: USA; France; Great Britain; Germany; Estonia and Sweden. The author’s approach to defining the concept of electronic administrative services is formulated, based on a personal interpretation of this concept from the standpoint of general theoretical analysis. It is concluded that one of the best ways to encourage the provision of administrative services in electronic form in the countries of the European Union is to standardise their provision - the development of clear organisational and technical-technological rules and requirements, and their main position is that the provision of services through electronic means of communication should complement, and not replace other communication channels.

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9.
Petryshyn, O. V..
    Human rights in the digital age: Challenges, threats and prospects [Текст] = Права людини в цифрову епоху: виклики, загрози та перспективи / O. V. Petryshyn, O. S. Hyliaka // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 1. - P. 15-23
УДК
РУБ DOI: 10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.15-23

Аннотация: The current stage of development of public relations is described by a rapid increase in digital technologies. Intensive development of science and active technological progress have become the main characteristic features of modern society. This has affected the specific features of people’s lives in society, the exercise of their rights and freedoms, and has become a catalyst for the development of a new category of human rights - “digital” rights. The purpose of the study is to analyse the main threats and challenges facing human rights and freedoms in the context of digitalisation, and to develop proposals on promising ways to protect against these threats. The study conducts a theoretical and legal research of problematic issues of the implementation of human rights in the context of mass digitalisation of public relations, indicates that the era of digital technologies provides completely new and qualitatively different opportunities for their implementation, but at the same time it creates new challenges and threats to ensure these rights and freedoms. It is noted that classical human rights and freedoms are being transformed, filled with new aspects and content, and branched out into those that are related to the digitalisation process. The results of digitalisation of many spheres of life require comprehension and adequate formulation of the legal mechanism for regulating, implementing, protecting the already existing and emerging human rights for the purpose of sustainable socio-economic development, ensuring the implementation and protection of constitutional human and civil rights and freedoms. The study focuses on new rights such as the right to be forgotten, the right to anonymity, the right to protect personal data, the right to digital education and access to digital knowledge; rights related to the protection of genetic information; rights to take part in property turnover in the digital sphere.

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10.
Shepitko, V. Yu..
    The role of forensic science and forensic examination in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes [Текст] = Роль криміналістики та судової експертизи в міжнародному співробітництві з розcлідування злочинів / V. Yu. Shepitko, M. V. Shepitko // Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine. - 2021. - Vol. 28, Iss. 1. - P. 179-186
УДК
РУБ DOI: 10.37635/jnalsu.28(1).2021.179-186

Аннотация: The application of forensic science and expertise is a necessary prerequisite for the investigation of crimes at the local and national level. Without the use of forensic science and expertise, an investigation within the framework of a criminal process becomes dead and unsubstantiated. But with the globalisation of world processes, the development of technologies, the speed of information transmission, the formation of crime outside the borders of one state and its entry into the international level has become an urgent problem, which has become a challenge in countering such crime and the need to steer forensic science and expertise towards assisting law enforcement activities. A special feature of countering the investigation of crimes was the creation of international cooperation between forensic specialists and expert witnesses even prior to the establishment of practical institutions that could counteract them in practice. Therewith, some representatives of such international unions and associations have taken serious steps in creating mechanisms for real counteraction to crimes at the international level (R.A. Reiss, G. Soderman, M.Sh. Bassiuni). Coverage of the problem of international cooperation in the investigation of crimes through the definition of the role of forensic science and expertise allowed focusing on the following blocks: 1) international associations of forensic specialists for combating crime in the historical context; 2) international criminal police organisations in combating crime; 3) international cooperation in the field of conducting forensic examinations; 4) the use of forensic and special knowledge in the activities of the International Criminal Court. Thus, a combination of theory and practice in the fight against crime is demonstrated. Historically, this is associated with the role of forensic science and expertise in recording traces of crimes, analysing them, and forming legal, forensic, and expert witness opinions. The purpose of the study is to establish the decisive role of forensic science and expertise in international cooperation in the investigation of crimes. For this, the authors turned to forensic science and expertise, historical processes that served to create substantial international organisations created to counter international crime.

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Умовні позначення місця знаходження

3_пов.(ЗПІ) – зала правової інформації, НБК

4_пов.(НАб) – абонемент наукової літератури, НБК

4_пов.(ДБФ) – довідково-бібліографічний фонд, НБК

5_пов.(З/П) – зала періодичних видань, НБК

6_пов.(АХЛ) – абонемент художньої літератури, НБК

6_пов.(ЗІЛ) – зала літератури іноземними мовами, НБК

7_пов.(Хр) – книгосховище, НБК

8_пов.(РК) – книгосховище рідкісних видань та дисертацій, НБК

НБВ – інформаційно-бібліографічний відділ, НБК, 7 поверх

Ст.Аб. – студентський абонемент, НБК, 5 поверх

Філ №1 – філія № 1 (вул. Динамівська, 4)

Філ №2 – філія № 2 (вул. Пушкінська, 106)

Полт. фак. – Полтавський юридичний інститут, м. Полтава